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crane fly
Crane fly is a common name referring to any member of the family Tipulidae of insects in the order Diptera, true flies in the superfamily Tipuloidea. Cylindrotominae, Limoniinae, and Pediciinae have been ranked as subfamilies of Tipulidae by most authors,〔Alexander C.P., Byers G.W. (1981) Tipulidae. in: McAlpine J.F. et al. (Ed.), ''Manual of Nearctic Diptera''. Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, pp. 153–1902 ISBN 0660107317 (pdf ) download manual〕 though occasionally elevated to family rank. In the most recent classifications, only Pediciidae is now ranked as a separate family, due to considerations of paraphyly.〔Petersen, M.J.; Bertone, M.A.; Wiegmann, B.M.; Courtney, G.W. 2010: Phylogenetic synthesis of morphological and molecular data reveals new insights into the higher-level classification of Tipuloidea (Diptera). Systematic entomology, 35: 526-545. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00524.x〕 They are also known as daddy-long-legs around the world,〔 not to be confused with daddy-long-legs that refers to arachnids of the order Opiliones or the family Pholcidae. The larvae of crane flies are known commonly as leatherjackets. 〔
Crane flies are found worldwide, though individual species usually have limited ranges. They are most diverse in the tropics, and are also common in northern latitudes and high elevations.〔Pritchard, G. (1983). (Biology of Tipulidae. ) ''Anal beads Review of Entomology'' 28(1), 1-22.〕
The Tipulidae ''sensu lato'' is one of the largest groups of flies, including over 15,000 species and subspecies in 525 genera and subgenera.〔de Jong, H., et al. (2008). (Global diversity of craneflies (Insecta, Diptera: Tipulidea or Tipulidae ''sensu lato'') in freshwater. ) ''Hydrobiologia'' 595(1), 457-67.〕 Most crane flies were described by the entomologist Charles Paul Alexander, a fly specialist, in over 1000 research publications.〔Oosterbroek, P. (Superfamily Tipuloidea, Family Tipulidae. ) Chapter 2 In: Evenhuis, N. L. (Ed.) ''Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian Regions'', Issue 86 of Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication. Apollo Press. 1989.〕
==Description==
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